There are many kinds of toe problems requiring surgery. These include removal of:

Bunions, an enlargement of the bone and tissue around the joint of the big toe.
Hammertoes, which are frequently caused by an imbalance in the tendon or joints of the toes.
Neuromas, an irritation of a nerve between the third and fourth toes.
Bone spurs, an overgrowth of bone under the toenail plate, causing nail deformity and pain.